Ubutware bw'Ubushinwa mu musaruro wa Magneti ya Neodymium: Guha imbaraga ejo hazaza, gushiraho isi yose

Kuva kuri terefone zigendanwa n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi (EVs) kugeza kuri turbine yumuyaga hamwe na robo yateye imbere, magnesi ya neodymium (NdFeB) nimbaraga zitagaragara zitera impinduramatwara igezweho. Izi magneti zikomeye cyane zihoraho, zigizwe nibintu bidasanzwe-isi nka neodymium, praseodymium, na dysprosium, ni ntangarugero mu mbaraga z’icyatsi n’inganda zikorana buhanga. Nyamara, igihugu kimwe kigenzura cyane umusaruro wabyo:Ubushinwa.

Iyi blog yibanda ku buryo Ubushinwa bwaje kuganza umusaruro wa magneti neodymium, ingaruka za geopolitike n’ubukungu muri iyi monopole, ndetse nicyo bivuze kugirango isi igere ku iterambere rirambye.

 

Ubushinwa butangaje ku isoko rya NdFeB

Ubushinwa burarangiye90%y'ubucukuzi bw'isi budasanzwe ku isi, 85% byo gutunganya isi idasanzwe, na 92% by'umusaruro wa magneti neodymium. Uku guhuza guhagaritse kuguha kugenzura ntagereranywa kumikoro akomeye kuri:

Ibinyabiziga by'amashanyarazi:Buri moteri ya EV ikoresha 1-2 kg ya magnet ya NdFeB.

Ingufu z'umuyaga:Turbine imwe ya 3MW isaba kg 600 ziyi magnesi.

Sisitemu yo kwirwanaho:Sisitemu yo kuyobora, drone, na radar zishingiye kubisobanuro byazo.

Nubwo kubitsa ibintu bidasanzwe ku isi bibaho muri Amerika, Ositaraliya, na Miyanimari, ubwiganze bw’Ubushinwa ntibukomoka kuri geologiya yonyine ahubwo ni imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo ifata ingamba n’ishoramari mu nganda.

 

Uburyo Ubushinwa bwubatse Monopole

1.Igitabo cyo mu myaka ya za 90: “Kujugunya” gufata amasoko
Mu myaka ya za 90, Ubushinwa bwarengeje amasoko yisi yose hamwe nubutaka buhendutse, butesha agaciro abanywanyi nka Amerika na Ositaraliya. Mu myaka ya za 2000, ibirombe by’iburengerazuba - bidashobora guhangana - byarahagaritswe, bituma Ubushinwa bwonyine butanga amasoko akomeye.

2. Kwishyira hamwe guhagarikwa hamwe ninkunga
Ubushinwa bwashora imari cyane mu gutunganya no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga. Ibigo bishyigikiwe na leta nk'Ubushinwa Amajyaruguru Rare Earth Group na JL MAG ubu bayoboye umusaruro ku isi, ushyigikiwe n'inkunga, imisoro, n'amabwiriza y’ibidukikije adahwitse.

3. Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa hanze no gukoresha ingamba
Mu mwaka wa 2010, Ubushinwa bwagabanije igipimo cy’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga ku gipimo cya 40%, bituma ibiciro bizamuka 600-22.000%. Iki cyemezo cyagaragaje ko isi yose ishingiye ku bicuruzwa by’Abashinwa kandi byerekana ko ifite ubushake bwo gukoresha intwaro mu gihe cy’amakimbirane y’ubucuruzi (urugero, intambara y’ubucuruzi hagati y’Amerika n'Ubushinwa 2019).

 

Impamvu Isi Yisunga Ubushinwa

1. Kurushanwa
Ubushinwa bukoresha amafaranga make, ingufu zatewe inkunga, hamwe no kugenzura ibidukikije bituma magnesi zayo zihendutse 30-50% ugereranije n’izindi zakozwe ahandi.

2. Impande zikoranabuhanga
Ibigo byabashinwa byiganjemo ipatanti yo gukora magnet ikora cyane, harimo tekinike yo kugabanya ikoreshwa rya dysprosium (ikintu gikomeye, gike).

3. Igipimo cy'Ibikorwa Remezo
Ubushinwa budasanzwe bwo gutanga amasoko - kuva mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro kugeza ku iteraniro rya magneti - byuzuye. Ibihugu by’iburengerazuba ntibifite ubushobozi bwo gutunganya no gutunganya.

 

Ingaruka za geopolitike hamwe n’impagarara ku isi

Kwiharira Ubushinwa bitera ingaruka zikomeye:

Gutanga Urunigi Intege nke:Ihagarikwa rimwe ryoherezwa mu mahanga rishobora guhagarika ibikorwa bya EV ku isi ndetse n’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu.

Impungenge z'umutekano w'igihugu:Sisitemu yo kwirwanaho yo muri Amerika na EU yishingikiriza kuri magneti y'Ubushinwa.

Intego z’ikirere ziri mu kaga:Intego za zeru zisaba gukuba inshuro enye za magneti NdFeB mu 2050 - ikibazo niba itangwa rikomeje kuba hagati.

Urubanza mu ngingo:Mu 2021, Ubushinwa bwahagaritse kohereza ibicuruzwa muri Amerika by'agateganyo muri Amerika mu gihe cya diplomasi bwatinze umusaruro wa Tesla wa Cybertruck, bikagaragaza intege nke z’ibicuruzwa bitangwa ku isi.

 

Ibisubizo ku Isi: Kurenga Ubushinwa

Ibihugu n’amasosiyete birihutira gutandukanya ibikoresho:

1. Kuvugurura ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro

Amerika yongeye gufungura umusozi wacyo wa Mountain Pass idasanzwe-ubu (itanga 15% byifuzo byisi yose).

Lynas Rare Earth yo muri Ositaraliya yubatse uruganda rutunganya Maleziya kugirango rwirengagize Ubushinwa.

2. Gusubiramo no gusimbuza
Ibigo nkaHyProMag (UK)naAmabuye y'agaciro yo mu mujyi (US)gukuramo neodymium muri e-imyanda.

Ubushakashatsi kuri ferrite ya ferrite hamwe na dysprosium idafite NdFeB igamije kugabanya kugabanuka kwisi.

3. Ihuriro ryingamba
UwitekaUmuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayina AmerikaItegeko rigenga umusaruroshyira imbere umusaruro wa magneti murugo.

Ubuyapani, umuguzi ukomeye wa NdFeB, bushora $ 100M buri mwaka mu gutunganya tekinoloji n’imishinga idasanzwe ya Afurika.

 

Countermove y'Ubushinwa: Igenzura rya sima

Ubushinwa ntibuhagaze. Ingamba ziheruka zirimo:

Guhuriza hamwe imbaraga:Guhuza ibigo bya leta bidasanzwe-isi muri "super-ibihangange" kugenzura ibiciro.

Igenzura ryohereza ibicuruzwa hanze:Gusaba impushya zo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze kuva 2023, bikerekana igitabo cyayo kidasanzwe-isi.

Kwagura umukanda n'umuhanda:Kubona uburenganzira bwo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro muri Afurika (urugero, u Burundi) gufunga ibikoresho bizaza.

 

Ibiciro by ibidukikije byo kuganza

Ubushinwa bwiganje buza ku giciro cy’ibidukikije:

Imyanda y'uburozi:Gutunganya isi gake bitanga umwanda wa radio, wanduza amazi nubutaka.

Ikirenge cya Carbone:Ubushinwa bukoresha amakara yohereza amakara 3x menshi ya CO2 kuruta uburyo bukoreshwa neza ahandi.

Ibi bibazo byateje imyigaragambyo yo mu ngo ndetse n’amabwiriza akomeye y’ibidukikije (ariko adashyirwa mu bikorwa).

 

Umuhanda Imbere: Kazoza Gacitsemo ibice?
Isi idasanzwe-isi igenda ihinduka yerekeza kumatsinda abiri ahanganye:

Imiyoboro yo gutanga amasoko mu Bushinwa:Byoroshye, binini, ariko birashobora guteza akaga politiki.

Iburengerazuba “Inshuti-Shoring”:Imyitwarire, kwihangana, ariko ihenze kandi itinda kurwego.

Ku nganda nka EV hamwe n’ibishobora kuvugururwa, amasoko abiri ashobora kuba ihame - ariko iyo ibihugu by’iburengerazuba byihutisha ishoramari mu gutunganya, gutunganya ibicuruzwa, no guhugura abakozi.

 

Umwanzuro: Imbaraga, Politiki, ninzibacyuho
Kuba Ubushinwa bwiganje mu musaruro wa magneti neodymium bishimangira itandukaniro ry’impinduramatwara y’icyatsi: ikoranabuhanga rigamije gukiza isi rishingiye ku isoko ry’ibicuruzwa ryuzuyemo ingaruka za geopolitiki n’ibidukikije. Kurandura iyi monopole bisaba ubufatanye, guhanga udushya, nubushake bwo kwishyura igihembo kirambye.

Mugihe isi iriruka igana amashanyarazi, urugamba rwo hejuru ya magnet ya NdFeB ntiruzahindura inganda gusa ahubwo nuburinganire bwimbaraga zisi.