Kulamulira kwa China mu Neodymium Magnet Production: Kulimbikitsa Tsogolo, Kupanga Mphamvu Zapadziko Lonse

Kuchokera ku mafoni a m'manja ndi magalimoto amagetsi (EVs) kupita ku makina opangira mphepo ndi ma robotiki apamwamba, maginito a neodymium (NdFeB) ndi mphamvu yosaoneka yomwe ikuyendetsa kusintha kwamakono kwamakono. Maginito okhazikika amphamvu kwambiri awa, opangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe sizipezeka padziko lapansi monga neodymium, praseodymium, ndi dysprosium, ndizofunikira kwambiri kumakampani opanga mphamvu zobiriwira komanso zamakono. Komabe, dziko limodzi limayang'anira kwambiri kupanga kwawo:China.

Tsambali likuwonetsa momwe dziko la China lidatsogolerera kupanga maginito a neodymium, momwe dziko komanso zachuma zimakhudzira kulamulira uku, komanso zomwe zikutanthawuza pakukankhira kwapadziko lonse kuti kukhazikike.

 

China Stranglehold pa NdFeB Supply Chain

China imawerengera zambiri90%ya migodi yapadziko lonse lapansi, 85% ya kuyenga kosowa kwapadziko lapansi, ndi 92% ya kupanga maginito a neodymium. Kuphatikizika koyima uku kumapereka kuwongolera kosayerekezeka pa chinthu chofunikira ku:

Magalimoto Amagetsi:EV injini iliyonse imagwiritsa ntchito 1-2 kg ya maginito a NdFeB.

Mphamvu za Mphepo:3MW turbine imodzi imafuna 600 kg ya maginitowa.

Chitetezo:Njira zowongolera, ma drones, ndi radar zimadalira kulondola kwawo.

Ngakhale ma depositi a zinthu zapadziko lapansi osowa amapezeka ku US, Australia, ndi Myanmar, ulamuliro wa China sunachokere ku geology yokha koma zaka makumi ambiri zakupanga mfundo komanso kuyika ndalama m'mafakitale.

 

Momwe China Inamangira Ulamuliro Wake

1. Playbook ya m'ma 1990: "Kutaya" Kuti Mugwire Malonda
M'zaka za m'ma 1990, China idasefukira misika yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi nthaka yotsika mtengo, ndikuchepetsa opikisana nawo ngati US ndi Australia. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 2000, migodi ya Kumadzulo - yosatha kupikisana - inatsekedwa, ndikusiya China monga wogulitsa yekha wamkulu.

2. Kuphatikizika kwa Vertical and Subsidies
China idayika ndalama zambiri pakuyenga ndi ukadaulo wopanga maginito. Makampani omwe amathandizidwa ndi boma monga China Northern Rare Earth Group ndi JL MAG tsopano akutsogolera kupanga padziko lonse lapansi, mothandizidwa ndi zothandizira, kuchotsera misonkho, ndi malamulo osasamala a zachilengedwe.

3. Zoletsa Kutumiza kunja ndi Njira Zothandizira
M’chaka cha 2010, dziko la China linachepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu amene amatumiza kunja ndi 40%, zomwe zinachititsa kuti mitengo ikwere ndi 600–2,000%. Kusunthaku kudavumbulutsa kudalira kwapadziko lonse pazakudya zaku China ndikuwonetsa kufunitsitsa kwake kugwiritsa ntchito zida pamikangano yamalonda (mwachitsanzo, nkhondo yamalonda ya 2019 US-China).

 

Chifukwa Chake Dziko Limadalira China

1. Kupikisana kwa Mtengo
Kutsika mtengo kwa ogwira ntchito ku China, mphamvu zothandizidwa, komanso kuyang'anira zachilengedwe kumapangitsa maginito ake kukhala otsika mtengo kuposa omwe amapangidwa kwina.

2. Mphepete mwaukadaulo
Makampani aku China amalamulira ma patent opanga maginito apamwamba kwambiri, kuphatikiza njira zochepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito dysprosium (chinthu chovuta, chosowa).

3. Infrastructure Scale
Unyolo wosowa wapadziko lapansi wa China - kuchokera ku migodi kupita ku msonkhano wa maginito - waphatikizidwa kwathunthu. Mayiko akumadzulo alibe mphamvu yofanana yoyenga ndi kukonza.

 

Zowopsa za Geopolitical ndi Mavuto Padziko Lonse

Ulamuliro waku China umabweretsa zoopsa zazikulu:

Chiwopsezo cha Supply Chain:Kuletsa kumodzi kumodzi kungathe kuyimitsa magawo apadziko lonse a EV ndi mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa.

Nkhawa za National Security:Makina apamwamba achitetezo aku US ndi EU amadalira maginito aku China.

Zolinga Zanyengo Pangozi:Zolinga za Net-zero zimafuna kupanga maginito a NdFeB kuwirikiza kanayi pofika chaka cha 2050-vuto ngati kupezeka kumakhala pakati.

Mlandu Wapakati:Mu 2021, China idayimitsa kwakanthawi kutumiza kunja ku US panthawi yaukazembe waukazembe adachedwetsa kupanga kwa Tesla Cybertruck, kuwonetsa kufooka kwa maunyolo apadziko lonse lapansi.

 

Mayankho a Padziko Lonse: Kuphwanya China's Grip

Maiko ndi mabungwe akukakamira kuti apeze zinthu zosiyanasiyana:

1. Kutsitsimutsa Western Mining

US idatsegulanso mgodi wake wapa Mountain Pass wosowa padziko lapansi (tsopano ukupereka 15% ya zofuna zapadziko lonse lapansi).

Kampani ya Lynas Rare Earths yaku Australia inamanga fakitale yaku Malaysia kuti idutse mphamvu zaku China.

2. Kubwezeretsanso ndi Kusintha
Makampani ngatiHyProMag (UK)ndiUrban Mining Co. (US)kuchotsa neodymium ku e-waste.

Kafukufuku wa maginito a ferrite ndi mapangidwe a NdFeB opanda dysprosium akufuna kuchepetsa kudalira kwambiri padziko lapansi.

3. Strategic Mgwirizano
TheEU Critical Raw Materials Alliancendi USDefence Production Actkuika patsogolo kupanga maginito m'nyumba.

Japan, wogula wamkulu wa NdFeB, amaika $ 100M pachaka muukadaulo wokonzanso zinthu komanso ntchito zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizipezeka ku Africa.

 

China's Countermove: Cementing Control

China sichinayime njii. Njira zaposachedwa ndi izi:

Consolidating Mphamvu:Kuphatikiza makampani aboma osowa padziko lapansi kukhala "zimphona zazikulu" kuti aziwongolera mitengo.

Zowongolera Kutumiza:Ikufuna zilolezo zotumizira kunja kwa maginito kuyambira 2023, kuwonetsa buku lake lamasewera losowa padziko lapansi.

Kukula kwa Lamba ndi Njira:Kuteteza ufulu wa migodi ku Africa (mwachitsanzo, Burundi) kutseka zinthu zamtsogolo.

 

Mtengo Wachilengedwe Wolamulira

Ulamuliro waku China umabwera pamtengo wokwera kwambiri wazachilengedwe:

Zinyalala Zapoizoni:Kuyeretsa kosawerengeka kumatulutsa matope otulutsa ma radiation, kuwononga madzi ndi minda.

Mapazi a Carbon:Makina oyenga opangidwa ndi malasha aku China amatulutsa CO2 yochulukirapo katatu kuposa njira zoyeretsera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwina.

Nkhanizi zalimbikitsa zionetsero zapakhomo komanso malamulo okhwima (koma osatsatiridwa) molingana ndi chilengedwe.

 

Njira ya M'tsogolo: Tsogolo Logawanika?
Chikhalidwe chapadziko lonse lapansi chosowa padziko lapansi chikusunthira kumagulu awiri omwe akupikisana:

China-Centric Supply Chain:Zotsika mtengo, zowopsa, koma zowopsa pazandale.

Western "Shoring-Friends":Zoyenera, zolimba, koma zotsika mtengo komanso zocheperako pakukulitsa.

Kwa mafakitale monga ma EV ndi zongowonjezwdwa, kupezerapo mwayi pawiri kungakhale chizolowezi-koma kokha ngati mayiko akumadzulo afulumizitsa ndalama pakuyenga, kukonzanso, ndi kuphunzitsa anthu ogwira ntchito.

 

Kutsiliza: Mphamvu, Ndale, ndi Kusintha kwa Green
Kulamulira kwa China pakupanga maginito a neodymium kumatsimikizira zododometsa za kusintha kobiriwira: matekinoloje oti apulumutse dziko lapansi amadalira njira zoperekera zinthu zomwe zimadzadza ndi ziwopsezo zandale komanso zachilengedwe. Kuthetsa ulamulirowu kumafuna mgwirizano, luso, komanso kufunitsitsa kulipira ndalama zambiri kuti zikhazikike.

Pamene dziko likuthamangira kumagetsi, nkhondo yolimbana ndi maginito a NdFeB idzasintha osati mafakitale okha komanso mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi.